Historians and archeologists

Main article: Russian historians

• Mikhail Artamonov, historian and archaeologist,
  

  

  Mikhail Artamonov
  founder of modern Khazar studies, excavated a great number of Scythian and Khazar kurgans and settlements, including Sarkel
• Artemiy Artsikhovsky, archaeologist, discoverer of birch bark documents in Novgorod
• Vasily Bartold, turkologist, the "Gibbon of Turkestan", an archaeologist of Samarcand
• Konstantin Bestuzhev-Ryumin, 19th century historian and paleographer, founder of the Bestuzhev Courses for women
• Nikita Bichurin, a founder of Sinology, published many documents on Chinese and Mongolian history, opened the first Chinese-language school in Russia
• Nikolay Danilevsky, ethnologist, philosopher and historian, a founder of Eurasianism, the first to present an account of history as a series of distinct civilisations
• Igor Diakonov, historian and linguist, a prominent researcher of Sumer and Assyria
• Boris Farmakovsky, archaeologist of Ancient Greek colony Olbia
  

  

  Nikolay Danilevsky
• Vladimir Golenishchev, egyptologist, excavated Wadi Hammamat, discovered over 6,000 antiquities, including the Moscow Mathematical Papyrus, the Story of Wenamun, and various Fayum portraits
• Timofey Granovsky, a founder of mediaeval studies in Russia, disproved the historicity of Vineta
• Boris Grekov, major researcher of Kievan Rus' and the Golden Horde
• Lev Gumilev, historian and ethnologist, prominent researcher of the ancient Central Asian peoples, related ethnogenesis and biosphere, influenced the rise of Neo-Eurasianism
• Boris Hessen, physicist who brought externalism into modern historiography of science
• Pyotr Kafarov, prominent sinologist, discovered The Secret History of the Mongols
• Nikolai Karamzin, sentimentalist writer and historian, author of the 12-volume History of the Russian State
  

  

  Nikolai Karamzin
• Vasily Klyuchevsky, dominated Russian historiography at the turn of the 20th century, shifted focus from politics and society to geography and economy
• Alexander Kazhdan, Byzantinist, editor of the Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
• Nikodim Kondakov, prominent researcher of Byzantine art
• Andrey Korotayev, historian and anthropologist, a founder of cliodynamics, a prominent developer of social cycle theory
• Pyotr Kozlov, explorer of Central Asia, discoverer of the ancient Tangut city of Khara-Khoto and Xiongnu royal burials at Noin-Ula
• Nikolay Likhachyov, the first and foremost Russian sigillographer, major developer of auxiliary historical disciplines
• Aleksey Lobanov-Rostovsky, statesman, published the major Russian Genealogical Book
• Mikhail Lomonosov, polymath scientist and artist, the first opponent of the Normanist theory, published an early account of Russian history
• Friedrich Martens, legal historian, drafted the Martens Clause of the Hague Peace Conference
  

  

  St. Nestor
• Vladimir Minorsky, prominent historian of Persia
• Gerhardt Friedrich Müller, co-founder of the Russian Academy of Sciences, explorer and the first academic historian of Siberia, a founder of ethnography, author of the first academic account of Russian history, put forth the Normanist theory
• Aleksei Musin-Pushkin, prominent collector of ancient Russian manuscripts, discoverer of The Tale of Igor's Campaign
• Nestor the Chronicler, author of the Primary Chronicle (the first East Slavic chronicle) and several hagiographies, saint
• Alexey Okladnikov, prominent historian and archaeologist of Siberia and Mongolia
• Sergey Oldenburg, a founder of Russian Indology and the Academic Institute of Oriental Studies
• George Ostrogorsky, preeminent 20th century Byzantinist
• Avraamy Palitsyn, 17th century historian of the Time of Troubles
• Evgeny Pashukanis, legal historian, wrote The General Theory of Law and Marxism
  

  

  Tatyana Proskuryakova
• Boris Piotrovsky, prominent researcher of Urartu, Scythia, and Nubia, long-term director of the Hermitage Museum
• Mikhail Piotrovsky, orientalist, current director of the Hermitage Museum
• Mikhail Pogodin, leading mid-19th century Russian historian, proponent of the Normanist theory
• Mikhail Pokrovsky, Marxist historian prominent in 1920s
• Natalia Polosmak, archaeologist of Pazyryk burials, discoverer of Pazyryk Ice Maiden
• Alexander Polovtsov, statesman, historian and Maecenas, founder of the Russian Historian Society
• Tatyana Proskuryakova, Mayanist scholar and archaeologist, deciphered the ancient Maya script
• Semyon Remezov, cartographer and the first historian of Siberia, author of the Remezov Chronicle
• Mikhail Rostovtsev, archeologist and economist, the first to thoroughly examine the social and economic systems of the Ancient World, excavated Dura-Europos
  

  

  Sergey Solovyov
• Nicholas Roerich, painter, archeologist, explorer of Central Asia, initiated the international Roerich’s Pact on historical monuments protection
• Sergei Rudenko, discoverer of Scythian Pazyryk burials
• Boris Rybakov, historian and chief Soviet archaeologist for 40 years, primary opponent of the Normanist theory
• Viktor Sarianidi, discoverer of the Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex and the Bactrian Gold in Central Asia
• Mikhail Shcherbatov, a man of Russian Enlightenment, conservative historian
• Sergey Solovyov, principal Russian 19th century historian, author of the 29-volume History of Russia
• Vasily Struve, orientalist and historian of the Ancient World, put forth the Marxist theory of five socio-economic formations that dominated the Soviet education
• Yevgeny Tarle, author of the famous studies on Napoleon's invasion of Russia and on the Crimean War
  

  

  Vasily Tatischev
• Vasily Tatischev, statesman, geographer and historian, discovered and published the Russkaya Pravda, Sudebnik and the controversial Ioachim Chronicle; wrote the first full-scale account of Russian history
• Mikhail Tikhomirov, major paleographer, published the Complete Collection of Russian Chronicles
• Boris Turayev, author of the first full-scale History of Ancient East
• Peter Turchin, population biologist and historian, coined the term cliodynamics
• Aleksey Uvarov, founder of the first Russian archaeological society, discovered over 750 ancient kurgans
• Nikolai Yadrintsev, discoverer of Genghis Khan's capital Karakorum and the Orkhon script of ancient Türks
• Valentin Yanin, preeminent researcher of the birch bark documents

Linguists and ethnographers

Main article: Russian linguists

• Vasily Abaev, major researcher of Iranian languages
  

  

  Ivan Baudouin de Courtenay
• Alexander Afanasyev, leading Russian folklorist, recorded and published over 600 Russian fairy tales, by far the largest folktale collection by any one man in the world
• Ivan Baudouin de Courtenay, co-invented the concept of phoneme and the systematic treatment of linguistical alternations, pioneered synchronic analysis and mathematical linguistics
• Vladimir Bogoraz, researcher of Chukchi people, founder of the Institute of the Peoples of the North
• Otto von Böhtlingk, prominent Indologist and Sanskrit grammarian
• Fyodor Buslaev, philologist and folklorist, representative of the Mythological school of comparative literature
• Vladimir Dahl, the Russian language lexicographer of the 19th century, folklorist and turkologist, author of the Explanatory Dictionary of the Live Great Russian language
• Johann Gottlieb Georgi, explorer, published the first full-scale work on ethnography of indigenous peoples of Russia
• Dmitry Gerasimov, medieval translator, diplomat and philologist, correspondent of European Renaissance scholars
  

  

  Vladimir Dahl
• Vladislav Illich-Svitych, founder of Nostratic linguistics
• Vyacheslav Ivanov, founder of glottalic theory of Indo-European consonantism
• Roman Jakobson, preeminent 20th century linguist and literary theorist, a founder of phonology, major Slavist, author of Jackobson's Communication Model
• Pyotr Kafarov, prominent sinologist, developed the cyrillization of Chinese, discovered The Secret History of the Mongols
• Yuri Knorozov, linguist, epigrapher and ethnographer, deciphered the Maya script, proposed a decipherment for the Indus script
• Nikolay Krushevsky, co-inventor of the concept of phoneme and the systematic treatment of linguistical alternations
• Gerasim Lebedev, pioneer of Indology, introduced Bengali script typing to Europe, founded the first European-style theater in India
• Dmitry Likhachov, major 20th century expert on Old Russian language and literature
  

  

  Nicholai Miklukho-Maklai
• Mikhail Lomonosov, polymath scientist and artist, wrote a grammar that reformed Russian literary language by combining Old Church Slavonic with vernacular tongue
• Nikolay Lvov, polymath artist and scientist, compiled the first significant collection of Russian folk songs, published epic bylinas
• Richard Maack, naturalist and ethographer of Siberia
• Sergey Malov, turkologist, classified the Turkic alphabets, deciphered the ancient Orkhon script
• Nicholas Marr, put forth a pseudo-linguistic Japhetic theory on the origin of language
• Igor Melchuk, structural linguist, author of Meaning-Text Theory
• Nicholai Miklukho-Maklai, anthropologist who lived and traveled among the natives of Papua New Guinea and Pacific islands, prominent anti-racist
• Semyon Novgorodov, Yakut politician and linguist, creator of written Yakut language (Sakha scripts)
• Marina Orlova, etymologist and Internet celebrity, host of the most popular YouTube guru channel, HotForWords
  

  

  Nikolai Trubetzkoy
• Stephan of Perm, 14th century missionary, converted Komi Permyaks to Christianity and invented the Old Permic script
• Yevgeny Polivanov, linguist, orientalist and polyglot, developed the cyrillization of Japanese
• Nicholas Poppe, prominent Altaic-language researcher
• Vladimir Propp, formalist scholar, major researcher of folk tales and mythology
• Isaac Jacob Schmidt, the first researcher of Mongolian language
• Leopold von Schrenck, naturalist and ethnographer, coined the term Paleo-Asiatic peoples, the first director of the Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography
• Aleksey Shakhmatov, a founder of textology, prepared major 20th century reforms of Russian orthography, pioneered the systematic research of Old Russian and medieval Russian literature
  

  

  Andrey Zaliznyak
• Lev Shcherba, phonetician and phonologist, author of the glokaya kuzdra phrase
• Fyodor Shcherbatskoy, Indologist, initiated the scholarly study of Buddhist philosophy in the West
• Izmail Sreznevsky, leading 19th century Slavist, published Codex Zographensis, Codex Marianus and Kiev Fragments
• Sergei Starostin, prominent supporter of Altaic theory, proposed the Dené–Caucasian languages macrofamily, reconstructed several Eurasian proto-languages
• Vasily Tatischev, geographer, ethnographer and historian, compiled the first encyclopedic dictionary of Russian language
• Tenevil, Chukchi reindeer herder who created a writing system for the Chukchi language
• Nikolai Trubetzkoy, principal developer of phonology and inventor of morphophonology, defined phoneme, a founder of the Prague School of structural linguistics
• Dmitry Ushakov, author of the academic Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language
  

  

  Ludwik Zamenhof
• Max Vasmer, leading Indo-European, Finno-Ugric and Turkic etymologist, author of the Etymological dictionary of the Russian language
• Viktor Vinogradov, linguist and philologist, founder of the Russian Language Institute
• Alexander Vostokov, coined the term Old Church Slavonic, discovered the Ostromir Gospel (the most ancient book in East Slavic language), pioneered the research of Russian grammar
• Andrey Zaliznyak, author of the comprehensive systematic description of Russian inflection, prominent researcher of the Old Novgorod dialect and birch bark documents, proved the authentity of the Tale of Igor's Campaign
• Ludwik Zamenhof, inventor of Esperanto, the most widely spoken constructed international auxiliary language

Mathematicians

Main article: Russian mathematicians

• Aleksandr Aleksandrov, developer of CAT(k) space and Alexandrov's uniqueness theorem in geometry
  

  

  Pafnuti Chebyshev
• Pavel Alexandrov, author of the Alexandroff compactification and the Alexandrov topology
• Dmitri Anosov, developed Anosov diffeomorphism
• Vladimir Arnold, an author of the Kolmogorov–Arnold–Moser theorem in dynamical systems, solved Hilbert's 13th problem, raised the ADE classification and Arnold's rouble problems
• Sergey Bernstein, developed the Bernstein polynomial, Bernstein's theorem and Bernstein inequalities in probability theory
• Nikolay Bogolyubov, mathematician and theoretical physicist, author of the edge-of-the-wedge theorem, Krylov–Bogolyubov theorem, describing function and multiple contributions to quantum mechanics
• Nikolai Chebotaryov, author of Chebotarev's density theorem
• Pafnuti Chebyshev, prominent tutor and founding father of Russian mathematics,
  

  

  Leonhard Euler
  contributed to probability, statistics and number theory, author of the Chebyshev's inequality, Chebyshev distance, Chebyshev function, Chebyshev equation etc.
• Boris Delaunay, inventor of Delaunay triangulation, organised the first Soviet Student Olympiad in mathematics
• Vladimir Drinfeld, mathematician and theoretical physicist, introduced quantum groups and ADHM construction, Fields Medal winner
• Eugene Dynkin, developed Dynkin diagram, Doob–Dynkin lemma and Dynkin system in algebra and probability
• Leonhard Euler, preeminent 18th century mathematician, arguably the greatest of all time, made important discoveries in mathematical analysis, graph theory and number theory, introduced much of the modern mathematical terminology and notation (mathematical function, Euler's number, Euler circles etc.)
• Yevgraf Fyodorov, identified Periodic graph in geometry, the first to identify all of the 230 space groups of crystals
• Boris Galerkin, developed the Galerkin method in numerical analysis
  

  

  Sofia Kovalevskaya
• Israel Gelfand, contributed to many areas of mathematics, including group theory, representation theory and linear algebra, author of the Gelfand representation, Gelfand pair, Gelfand triple, integral geometry etc.
• Alexander Gelfond, author of Gelfond's theorem, provided means to obtain infinite number of transcendentals, including Gelfond–Schneider constant and Gelfond's constant, Wolf Prize in Mathematics winner
• Mikhail Gromov, a prominent developer of geometric group theory, inventor of homotopy principle, introduced Gromov's compactness theorems in geometry and topology, Gromov norm, Gromov product etc., Wolf Prize winner
• Leonid Kantorovich, founder of linear programming, introduced the Kantorovich inequality and Kantorovich metric, developed the theory of optimal allocation of resources, Nobel Prize in Economics winner
• Aleksandr Khinchin, developed the Pollaczek-Khinchine formula, Wiener–Khinchin theorem and Khinchin inequality in probability
  

  

  Nikolai Lobachevsky
• Andrey Kolmogorov, preeminent 20th century mathematician, Wolf Prize winner; developed probability axioms, Chapman–Kolmogorov equation and Kolmogorov extension theorem in probability; Kolmogorov complexity etc.
• Maxim Kontsevich, author of the Kontsevich integral and Kontsevich quantization formula, Fields Medal winner
• Sofia Kovalevskaya, the first woman professor in Northern Europe and Russia, the first female professor of mathematics, discovered the Kovalevskaya Top
• Mark Krein, developed the Tannaka-Krein duality, Krein–Milman theorem and Krein space, Wolf Prize winner
• Nikolay Krylov, author of the edge-of-the-wedge theorem, Krylov–Bogolyubov theorem and describing function
• Yuri Linnik, developed Linnik's theorem in analytic number theory
• Nikolai Lobachevsky, a Copernicus of Geometry who created the first non-Euclidean geometry (Lobachevskian or hyperbolic geometry)
  

  

  Aleksandr Lyapunov
• Nikolai Lusin, developed Luzin's theorem, Luzin spaces and Luzin sets in descriptive set theory
• Aleksandr Lyapunov, founder of stability theory, author of the Lyapunov's central limit theorem, Lyapunov equation, Lyapunov fractal, Lyapunov time etc.
• Yuri Manin, author of the Gauss–Manin connection in algebraic geometry, Manin-Mumford conjecture and Manin obstruction in diophantine geometry
• Grigory Margulis, worked on lattices in Lie groups, Wolf Prize and Fields Medal winner
• Andrey Markov, invented the Markov chains, proved Markov brothers' inequality, author of the hidden Markov model, Markov number, Markov property, Markov's inequality, Markov processes, Markov random field, Markov algorithm etc.
• Yuri Matiyasevich, author of Matiyasevich's theorem in set theory, provided negative solution for Hilbert's tenth problem
• Pyotr Novikov, solved the word problem for groups and Burnside's problem
  

  

  Andrey Markov
• Sergey Novikov, worked on algebraic topology and soliton theory, developed Adams–Novikov spectral sequence and Novikov conjecture, Wolf Prize and Fields Medal winner
• Andrei Okounkov, researcher of infinite symmetric groups and Hilbert scheme, Fields Medal winner
• Mikhail Ostrogradsky, mathematician and physicist, author of divergence theorem and partial fractions in integration
• Grigori Perelman, major contributor to Riemannian geometry and topology, proved Geometrization conjecture and Poincaré conjecture, won a Fields medal and the first Clay Millennium Prize Problems Award (declined both)
• Lev Pontryagin, blind mathematician, developed Pontryagin duality and Pontryagin classes in topology, and Pontryagin's minimum principle in optimal control
• Lev Schnirelmann, developed the Lusternik–Schnirelmann category in topology and Schnirelmann density of numbers
  

  

  Sergei Sobolev
• Moses Schönfinkel, inventor of combinatory logic
• Yakov Sinai, developed the Kolmogorov–Sinai entropy and Sinai billiard, Wolf Prize winner
• Stanislav Smirnov, prominent researcher of triangular lattice, Fields Medalist
• Sergei Sobolev, introduced the Sobolev spaces and mathematical distributions, co-developed the first ternary computer Setun
• Vladimir Steklov, founder of Steklov Institute of Mathematics, proved theorems on generalized Fourier series
• Jakow Trachtenberg, developed the Trachtenberg system of mental calculation
• Andrey Tikhonov, author of Tikhonov regularization of ill-posed problems, Tikhonov space and Tikhonov's theorem (central in general topology), invented magnetotellurics
• Pavel Urysohn, developed the metrization theorems, Urysohn's Lemma and Fréchet–Urysohn space in topology
  

  

  Andrey Tikhonov
• Nicolay Vasilyev, inventor of non-Aristotelian logic, the forerunner of paraconsistent and multi-valued logics
• Ivan Vinogradov, developed Vinogradov's theorem and Pólya–Vinogradov inequality in analytic number theory
• Vladimir Voevodsky, introduced a homotopy theory for schemes and modern motivic cohomology, Fields Medalist
• Georgy Voronoy, invented the Voronoi diagram
• Dmitry Yegorov, author of Egorov's Theorem in mathematical analysis
• Efim Zelmanov, solved the restricted Burnside problem, Fields Medal winner

Astronomers and cosmologists

Main article: Russian astronomers

• Viktor Ambartsumian, one of the founders of theoretical astrophysics, discoverer of stellar associations, founder of Byurakan Observatory
  

  

  Alexander Fridman
• Vladimir Belinski, an author of the BKL singularity model of the Universe
• Aristarkh Belopolsky, invented a spectrograph based on the Doppler effect, among the first photographers of stellar spectra
• Fyodor Bredikhin, developed the theory of comet tails, meteors and meteor showers, a director of the Pulkovo Observatory
• Jacob Bruce, statesman, naturalist and astronomer, founder of the first observatory in Russia (in the Sukharev Tower)
• Lyudmila Chernykh, astronomer, discovered 268 asteroids
• Nikolai Chernykh, astronomer, discovered 537 asteroids and 2 comets
• Alexander Fridman, discovered the Friedmann equations (metric expansion of space solution to the general relativity field equations), an author of the FLRW metric of Universe
• George Gamow, discovered alpha decay via quantum tunneling and Gamow factor in stellar nucleosynthesis,
  

  

  George Gamow
  introduced the big bang nucleosynthesis theory, predicted cosmic microwave background
• Matvey Gusev, the first to prove the non-sphericity of the Moon, pioneer of photography in astronomy
• Nikolai Kardashev, astrophysicist, inventor of Kardashev scale for ranking the space civilizations
• Isaak Khalatnikov, an author of the BKL singularity
• Marian Kowalski, the first to measure the rotation of the Milky Way
• Anders Johan Lexell, mathematician, researcher of celestial mechanics and comet astronomy, proved that Uranus is a planet rather than a comet
• Andrei Linde, created the chaotic inflation theory of the Universe
• Evgeny Lifshitz, an author of the BKL singularity
• Mikhail Lomonosov polymath, invented the off-axis reflecting telescope, discovered the atmosphere of Venus
  

  

  Friedrich Wilhelm Struve
• Dmitri Dmitrievich Maksutov, invented the Maksutov telescope
• Viktor Safronov, author of the planetesimal hypothesis of planet formation
• Grigory Shayn, the first director of the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory, co-developed a method for stellar rotation measurement
• Iosif Shklovsky, prominent radio astronomer, cosmic rays and extraterrestrial life researcher
• Friedrich Wilhelm Struve, founder and the first director of the Pulkovo Observatory, prominent researcher of double stars, initiated the construction of 2,820 km long Struve Geodetic Arc, progenitor of the Struve family of astronomers
• Otto Lyudvigovich Struve, co-developed a method for stellar rotation measurement, directed several U.S. observatories
• Otto Wilhelm von Struve, director of the Pulkovo Observatory, discovered over 500 double stars
• Rashid Sunyaev, co-predicted the Sunyaev–Zel'dovich effect of CMB distortion
  

  

  Rashid Sunyaev
• George Volkoff, predicted the existence of neutron stars
• Boris Vorontsov-Velyaminov, discovered the absorption of light by interstellar dust, author of the Morphological Catalogue of Galaxies
• Ivan Yarkovsky, discovered the YORP and Yarkovsky effect of meteoroids and asteroids
• Aleksandr Zaitsev, coined the term Messaging to Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence, conducted the first intercontinental radar astronomy experiment, transmitted the Cosmic Calls
• Yakov Zeldovich, physicist, astrophysicist and cosmologist, the first to suggest that accretion discs around massive black holes are responsible for the quasar radiation, co-predicted the Sunyaev–Zel'dovich effect

Physicists

Main article: Russian physicists

• Alexei Abrikosov, discovered how magnetic flux can penetrate a superconductor (the Abrikosov vortex),
  

  

  Zhores Alferov
  Nobel Prize winner
• Franz Aepinus, related electricity and magnetism, proved the electric nature of pyroelectricity, explained electric polarization and electrostatic induction, invented achromatic microscope
• Zhores Alferov, inventor of modern heterotransistor, Nobel Prize winner
• Lev Artsimovich, builder of the first tokamak, researcher of high temperature plasma
• Gurgen Askaryan, predicted self focusing of light, discovered Askaryan effect in the particle physics
• Nikolay Basov, physicist, co-inventor of laser and maser, Nobel Prize winner
• Nikolay Bogolyubov, co-developed the BBGKY hierarchy, formulated a microscopic theory of superconductivity, suggested a triplet quark model, introduced a new quantum degree of freedom (color charge)
• Gersh Budker, invented electron cooling, co-invented collider
  

  

  Boris Jacobi
• Sergey Chaplygin, a founder of aero- and hydrodynamics, formulated the Chaplygin's equations and Chaplygin gas concept
• Pavel Cherenkov, discoverer of Cherenkov radiation, Nobel Prize winner
• Yuri Denisyuk, inventor of 3D holography
• Nikolay Dollezhal, designer of the reactor for the first nuclear power plant, developer of VVER-type reactors
• Ludvig Faddeev, discoverer of Faddeev–Popov ghosts and Faddeev equations in quantum physics
• Georgy Flyorov, an initiator of the Soviet atomic bomb project, co-discoverer of seaborgium and bohrium, founder of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research
• Vladimir Fock, developed the Fock space, Fock state and the Hartree–Fock method in quantum mechanics
• Ilya Frank, explained the phenomenon of Cherenkov radiation, Nobel Prize winner
  

  

  Pyotr Kapitsa
• Yakov Frenkel, introduced the notion of electron hole, discovered the Frenkel defect of a crystal lattice, described the Poole–Frenkel effect in solid-state physics
• Andre Geim, inventor of graphene, developer of gecko tape, Nobel Prize winner, and also Ig Nobel Prize winner for diamagnetic levitation of a living frog
• Vitaly Ginzburg, co-author of the Ginzburg–Landau theory of superconductivity, a developer of hydrogen bomb, Nobel Prize winner
• Vladimir Gribov, introduced pomeron, DGLAP equations and Gribov ambiguity
• Abram Ioffe, founder of the Soviet physics school, tutor of many prominent scientists
• Dmitri Ivanenko, proposed the first atomic nucleus and nuclear shell models, predicted the synchrotron radiation, author of the hypothesis of quark stars
• Boris Jacobi, formulated the Maximum power theorem in electrical engineering, invented electroplating, electrotyping, galvanoplastic sculpture and electric boat
  

  

  Igor Kurchatov
• Pyotr Kapitsa, originated the techniques for creating ultrastrong magnetic fields, co-discovered a way to measure the magnetic field of an atomic nucleus discovered superfluidity, Nobel Prize winner
• Yuly Khariton, chief designer of the Soviet atomic bomb, co-developer of the Tsar Bomb
• Orest Khvolson, the first to study the Chwolson ring effect of gravitational lensing
• Igor Kurchatov, builder of the first nuclear power plant, developer of the first marine nuclear reactors for surface ships
• Lev Landau, theoretical physicist, developed the Ginzburg–Landau theory of superconductivity, explained the Landau damping in plasma physics, pointed out the Landau pole in quantum electrodynamics, co-author of the famous Course of Theoretical Physics, Nobel Prize winner
• Grigory Landsberg, co-discoverer of Raman scattering of light
• Mikhail Lavrentyev, founder of the Siberian Division of the Soviet Academy of Sciences and Akademgorodok in Novosibirsk
• Pyotr Lebedev, the first to measure the radiation pressure on a solid body, thus privoving the Maxwell's theory of electromagnetism
  

  

  Lev Landau
• Heinrich Lenz, discovered the Lenz's law of electromagnetism
• Evgeny Lifshitz, an author of the BKL singularity model of the Universe, co-author of the Course of Theoretical Physics
• Mikhail Lomonosov, polymath scientist, artist and inventor; proposed the law of conservation of matter, disproved the phlogiston theory
• Oleg Losev, inventor of light-emitting diode and crystadine
• Alexander Makarov, inventor of orbitrap
• Boris Mamyrin, inventor of reflectron
• Leonid Mandelshtam, co-discoverer of Raman effect
• Konstantin Novoselov, inventor of graphene, developer of gecko tape, Nobel Prize winner
• Vasily Petrov, discoverer of electric arc, proposed arc lamp and arc welding
  

  

  Heinrich Lenz
• Boris Podolsky, an author of EPR Paradox in quantum physics
• Alexander Polyakov, developed the concepts of Polyakov action, 't Hooft–Polyakov monopole and BPST instanton
• Isaak Pomeranchuk, predicted synchrotron radiation
• Bruno Pontecorvo, a founder of neutrino high energy physics, whose work led to the discovery of PMNS matrix
• Alexander Popov, inventor of lightning detector, one of the inventors of radio, recorded the first experimental radiolocation at sea
• Victor Popov, co-discoverer of Faddeev–Popov ghosts in quantum field theory
• Alexander Prokhorov, co-inventor of laser and maser, Nobel Prize winner
• Georg Wilhelm Richmann, inventor of electrometer, pioneer researcher of atmospheric electricity, killed by a ball lightning in experiment
• Andrei Sakharov, co-developer of tokamak and the Tsar Bomb, inventor of explosively pumped flux compression generator, Nobel Peace Prize winner
  

  

  Vasily Petrov
• Nikolay Semyonov, physical chemist, co-discovered a way to measure the magnetic field of an atomic nucleus, Nobel Prize in Chemistry winner
• Lev Shubnikov, discoverer of Shubnikov–de Haas effect, one of the first researchers of solid hydrogen and liquid helium
• Dmitri Skobeltsyn, the first to use cloud chamber for studying cosmic rays, the first to observe positrons
• Aleksandr Stoletov, inventor of photoelectric cell, built the Stoletov curve, pioneered the research of ferromagnetism
• Igor Tamm, explained the phenomenon of Cherenkov radiation, co-developer of tokamak, Nobel Prize winner
• Nikolay Umov, discovered the Umov-Poynting vector and Umov effect, the first to propose the formula
• Petr Ufimtsev, developed the theory that led to modern stealth technology
• Sergey Vavilov, co-discoverer of Cherenkov radiation, formulated the Kasha–Vavilov rule of quantum yields
  

  

  Aleksandr Stoletov
• Vladimir Veksler, inventor of synchrophasotron, co-inventor of synchrotron
• Evgeny Velikhov, leader of the international program ITER (thermonuclear experimental tokamak)
• Alexey Yekimov, discoverer of quantum dots
• Yevgeny Zavoisky, inventor of EPR spectroscopy, co-developer of NMR spectroscopy
• Yakov Zeldovich, physicist and cosmologist, predicted the beta decay of a pi meson and the muon catalysis, co-predicted the Sunyaev–Zel'dovich effect of CMB distortion
• Nikolai Zhukovsky, a founder of aero- and hydrodynamics, the first to study airflow, author of Joukowsky transform and Kutta–Joukowski theorem, founder of TsAGI, pioneer of aviation

Chemists and material scientists

Main article: Russian chemists

• Ernest Beaux, inventor of Chanel No. 5, "the world's most legendary fragrance"
  

  

  Aleksandr Butlerov
• Nikolay Beketov, inventor of aluminothermy, a founder of physical chemistry
• Friedrich Konrad Beilstein, proposed the Beilstein test for halogen detection, compiled the Beilstein database in organic chemistry
• Boris Belousov, discoverer of Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction, a classical example of non-equilibrium thermodynamics
• Alexander Borodin, chemist and composer, the author of the famous opera Prince Igor, discovered Borodin reaction, co-discovered Aldol reaction
• Aleksandr Butlerov, discovered hexamine, formaldehyde and formose reaction (the first synthesis of sugar), the first to incorporate double bonds into structural formulae, a founder of organic chemistry and the theory of chemical structure
• Dmitry Chernov, founder of modern metallography, discovered polymorphism in metals, built the iron-carbon phase diagram
• Aleksei Chichibabin, discovered Chichibabin pyridine synthesis, Bodroux-Chichibabin aldehyde synthesis and Chichibabin reaction
• Karl Ernst Claus, chemist and botanist, discoverer of ruthenium
  

  

  Yevgraf Fyodorov
• Aleksandr Dianin, discovered Bisphenol A and Dianin's compound
• Constantin Fahlberg, inventor of saccharin, the first artificial sweetener
• Alexey Favorsky, discoverer of Favorskii rearrangement and Favorskii reaction in organic chemistry
• Alexander Frumkin, a founder of modern electrochemistry, author of the theory of electrode reactions
• Yevgraf Fyodorov, the first to enumerate all of the 230 space groups of crystals, thus founding the modern crystallography
• Andre Geim, inventor of graphene, developer of gecko tape, Nobel Prize in Physics winner
• Vladimir Ipatieff, inventor of Ipatieff bomb, a founder of petrochemistry
• Isidore, legendary inventor of the Russian vodka
• Boris Jacobi, re-discovered and commercialized electroplating
  

  

  Sergei Lebedev
• Pyotr Kapitsa, discovered superfluidity while studying liquid helium, Nobel Prize in Physics winner
• Gottlieb Kirchhoff, discoverer of glucose
• Ivan Knunyants, inventor of poly-caprolactam, a developer of Soviet chemical weapons
• Sergei Lebedev, inventor of polybutadiene, the first commercially viable synthetic rubber
• Mikhail Lomonosov, polymath, coined the term physical chemistry, re-discovered smalt, disproved the phlogiston theory, the first to record the freezing of mercury
• Aleksandr Loran, inventor of fire fighting foam
• Konstantin Novoselov, inventor of graphene, developer of gecko tape, Nobel Prize in Physics winner
• Vladimir Markovnikov, author of the Markovnikov's rule in organic chemistry, discoverer of naphthenes
  

  

  Dmitri Mendeleyev
• Dmitri Mendeleyev, invented the Periodic table of chemical elements, the first to predict the properties of elements yet to be discovered, inventor of pyrocollodion, developer of pipelines and a prominent researcher of vodka
• Nikolai Menshutkin, discoverer of Menshutkin reaction in organic chemistry
• Ivan Plotnikov, inventor of kirza leather
• Ilya Prigogine, researcher of dissipative systems, complex systems and irreversibility, Nobel Prize winner
• Sergey Reformatsky, discovererof the Reformatsky reaction in organic chemistry
• Nikolay Semyonov, physical chemist, author of the chain reaction theory, Nobel Prize winner
• Vladimir Shukhov, polymath, inventor of chemical cracking
• Mikhail Tsvet, botanist, inventor of chromatography
• Victor Veselago, the first researcher of materials with negative permittivity and permeability
  

  

  Mikhail Tsvet
• Dmitry Vinogradov, inventor of the Russian porcelain
• Paul Walden, discovered the Walden inversion and ethylammonium nitrate, the first room temperature ionic liquid
• Alexander Zaytsev, author of the Zaitsev's rule in organic chemistry
• Nikolay Zelinsky, inventor of activated charcoal gas mask in Europe during World War I, co-discoverer of Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky halogenation, a founder of petrochemistry
• Nikolai Zinin, discovered benzidine, co-discovered aniline, the first President of the Russian Physical-Chemical Society