Biologists and paleontologists

Main article: Russian biologists

• Johann Friedrich Adam, discovered the Adams mammoth, the first complete woolly mammoth skeleton
  

  

  Andrey Bolotov
• Karl Baer, naturalist, founded the Russian Entomological Society, formulated embryological Baer's laws
• Dmitry Belyaev, domesticated silver fox
• Nikolai Bernstein, neurophysiologist, coined the term biomechanics
• Andrey Bolotov, major 18th century agriculturist, discovered dichogamy, pioneered cross-pollination
• Mikhail Chailakhyan, researcher of flowering, described the florigen hormone
• Alexander Chizhevsky, founder of heliobiology and modern air ionification
• Andrey Famintsyn, plant physiologist, inventor of grow lamp, developer of symbiogenesis theory
• Yuri Filipchenko, entomologist, coined the terms microevolution and macroevolution
• Johann Georg Gmelin, the first researcher of Siberian flora
  

  

  Dmitry Ivanovsky
• Alexander Gurwitsch, originated the morphogenetic field theory and discovered the biophoton
• Ilya Ivanov, researcher of artificial insemination and the interspecific hybridization of animals, attempted to create a human-ape hybrid
• Dmitry Ivanovsky, discoverer of viruses
• Georgii Karpechenko, inventor of rabbage (the first ever non-sterile hybrid obtained through crossbreeding)
• Nikolai Koltsov, discoverer of cytoskeleton
• Vladimir Komarov, plant geographer, President of the Soviet Academy of Sciences, founder of the Komarov Botanical Institute
• Ilya Mechnikov, pioneer researcher of immune system, probiotics and phagocytosis, coined the term gerontology, Nobel Prize in Medicine winner
• Konstantin Merezhkovsky, major lichenologist, developer of symbiogenesis theory, a founder of endosymbiosis theory
• Ivan Michurin, pomologist, selectionist and geneticist, practitioned crossing of geographically distant plants, created hundreds of fruit cultivars
  

  

  Ivan Michurin
• Alexander Middendorf, zoologist and explorer, studied the influence of permafrost on living beings, coined the term radula, prominent horse breeder
• Victor Motschulsky, prominent researcher of beetles
• Sergei Navashin, discovered double fertilization
• Alexey Olovnikov, predicted existence of Telomerase, suggested the Telomere hypothesis of aging and the Telomere relations to cancer
• Aleksandr Oparin, biologist and biochemist, proposed the "Primordial soup" theory of life origin, showed that many food production processes are based on biocatalysis
• Heinz Christian Pander, embryologist, discovered germ layers
• Peter Simon Pallas, polymath naturalist, explorer, discoverer of multiple animals, including the Pallas's cat, Pallas's Squirrel, and Pallas's Gull
• Ivan Pavlov, founder of modern physiology, the first to research classical conditioning, Nobel Prize in Medicine winner
  

  

  Nikolai Vavilov
• Vladimir Pravdich-Neminsky, published the first EEG and the evoked potential of the mammalian brain
• Carl Schmidt, researcher of biochemical crystal structures, proved the chemical similarity of animal and plant cells
• Boris Schwanwitsch, entomologist, applied colour patterns of insect wings to military camouflage during World War II
• Ivan Sechenov, founder of electrophysiology and neurophysiology
• Georg Wilhelm Steller, naturalist, participant of Vitus Bering's voyages, discoverer of Steller's Jay, Steller's Eider, extinct Steller's Sea Cow and multiple other animals
• Lina Stern, pioneer researcher of blood–brain barrier
• Armen Takhtajan, developer of Takhtajan system of flowering plant classification, major biogeographer
• Kliment Timiryazev, plant physiologist and evolutionist, major researcher of chlorophyll
  

  

  Sergey Vinogradsky
• Lev Tsenkovsky, pioneer researcher of the ontogenesis of lower plants and animals
• Mikhail Tsvet, inventor of chromatography
• Nikolai Vavilov, botanist and geneticist, gathered the world's largest collection of plant seeds, identified the centres of origin of main cultivated plants
• Sergey Vinogradsky, microbiologist, ecologist and soil scientist, pioneered the biogeochemical cycle concept, discovered lithotrophy and chemosynthesis, invented the Winogradsky column for breeding of microorganisms
• Ivan Yefremov, paleontologist, sci-fi author, founded taphonomy
• Sergey Zimov, creator of the Pleistocene Park

Physicians and psychologists

Main article: Russian physicians

• Vladimir Bekhterev, neuropathologist,
  

  

  Gavriil Ilizarov
  founder of objective psychology, noted the role of the hippocampus in memory, a developer of reflexology, studied the Bekhterev’s Disease
• Vladimir Betz, discovered Betz cells of primary motor cortex
• Sergey Botkin, major therapist and court physician
• Nikolay Burdenko, major developer of neurosurgery
• Konstantin Buteyko, developed the Buteyko method for the treatment of breathing disorders
• Vladimir Demikhov, major pioneer of transplantology
• Vladimir Filatov, ophthalmologist, corneal transplantation pioneer
• Svyatoslav Fyodorov, inventor of radial keratotomy
• Georgy Gause, inventor of gramicidin S and other antibiotics
  

  

  Ilya Mechnikov
• Oleg Gazenko, founder of space medicine; selected and trained Laika, the first space dog
• Vera Gedroitz, the first female Professor of Surgery in the world
• Waldemar Haffkine, invented the first vaccines against cholera and bubonic plague
• Gavriil Ilizarov, invented Ilizarov apparatus, developed distraction osteogenesis
• Nikolai Korotkov, invented auscultatory blood pressure measurement, pioneered vascular surgery
• Sergey Korsakov, studied the effects of alcoholism on the nervous system, described Korsakoff's syndrome, introduced paranoia concept
• Aleksey Leontyev, founder of activity theory in psychology
• Peter Lesgaft, founder of the modern system of physical education in Russia
• Alexander Luria, co-developer of activity theory and cultural-historical psychology, major researcher of aphasia
• Ilya Mechnikov, pioneer researcher of immune system, probiotics and phagocytosis; coined the term gerontology, Nobel Prize in Medicine winner
  

  

  Ivan Pavlov
• Pyotr Nikolsky, dermatologist, discoveror of Nikolsky's sign
• Alexey Olovnikov, predicted existence of Telomerase, suggested the Telomere hypothesis of aging and the Telomere relations to cancer
• Ivan Pavlov, founder of modern physiology, the first to research classical conditioning, Nobel Prize in Medicine winner
• Nikolay Pirogov, pioneer of ether anaesthesia and modern field surgery, the first to perform anaesthesia in the field conditions, invented a number of surgical operations
• Leonid Rogozov, performed an appendectomy on himself during the 6th Soviet Antarctic Expedition, a famous case of self-surgery
• Grigory Rossolimo, pioneer of child neuropsychology
• Ivan Sechenov, founder of electrophysiology and neurophysiology, author of the classic work Reflexes of the Brain
  

  

  Ivan Sechenov
• Lina Stern, pioneer researcher of blood–brain barrier
• Fyodor Uglov, the oldest practicing surgeon in history
• Alexander Varshavsky, researched ubiquitination, Wolf Prize in Medicine winner
• Luka Voyno-Yasenetsky, founder of purulent surgery, saint
• Lev Vygotsky, founder of cultural-historical psychology, major contributor to child development and psycholinguistics, introduced zone of proximal development and cultural mediation concepts
• Josias Weitbrecht, the first to describe the construction and function of intervertebral discs
• Sergei Yudin, inventor of cadaveric blood transfusion
• Alexander Zalmanov, developer of turpentine bath therapy
• Bluma Zeigarnik, psychiatrist, discovered the Zeigarnik effect, founded experimental psychopathology

Economists and sociologists

• Alexander Chayanov, developed the consumption-labour-balance principle
  

  

  Leonid Kantorovich
• Georges Gurvitch, major developer of sociology of knowledge and sociology of law
• Leonid Kantorovich, mathematician and economist, founded linear programming, developed the theory of optimal allocation of resources, Nobel Prize in Economics winner
• Nikolai Kondratiev, discoverer of the Kondratiev waves
• Andrey Korotayev, historian, anthropologist, a founder of cliodynamics, prominent developer of social cycle theory
• Gleb Krzhizhanovsky, developer of the GOELRO plan, the first Chief of Gosplan
• Simon Kuznets, discovered the Kuznets swings, built the Kuznets curve, disproved the Absolute Income Hypothesis, Nobel Prize in Economics winner
• Vladimir Lenin, leader of the October Revolution and founder of the Soviet Union, introduced planned economy and Leninism
  

  

  Pitirim Sorokin
• Evsei Liberman, laid the scientific support for the Soviet Kosygin reform in economy
• Wassily Leontief, developed input-output analysis and the Leontief paradox, Nobel Prize in Economics winner
• Vasily Nemchinov, created the mathematical basis for the Soviet central planning
• Grigory Orlov, founder of the Free Economic Society
• Pitirim Sorokin, sociologist, a prominent developer of the social cycle theory
• Eugen Slutsky, statistician and economist, developed the Slutsky equation
• Stanislav Strumilin, pioneer of the planned economy, developed the first five year plans

Historians and archeologists

Main article: Russian historians

• Mikhail Artamonov, historian and archaeologist,
  

  

  Mikhail Artamonov
  founder of modern Khazar studies, excavated a great number of Scythian and Khazar kurgans and settlements, including Sarkel
• Artemiy Artsikhovsky, archaeologist, discoverer of birch bark documents in Novgorod
• Vasily Bartold, turkologist, the "Gibbon of Turkestan", an archaeologist of Samarcand
• Konstantin Bestuzhev-Ryumin, 19th century historian and paleographer, founder of the Bestuzhev Courses for women
• Nikita Bichurin, a founder of Sinology, published many documents on Chinese and Mongolian history, opened the first Chinese-language school in Russia
• Nikolay Danilevsky, ethnologist, philosopher and historian, a founder of Eurasianism, the first to present an account of history as a series of distinct civilisations
• Igor Diakonov, historian and linguist, a prominent researcher of Sumer and Assyria
• Boris Farmakovsky, archaeologist of Ancient Greek colony Olbia
  

  

  Nikolay Danilevsky
• Vladimir Golenishchev, egyptologist, excavated Wadi Hammamat, discovered over 6,000 antiquities, including the Moscow Mathematical Papyrus, the Story of Wenamun, and various Fayum portraits
• Timofey Granovsky, a founder of mediaeval studies in Russia, disproved the historicity of Vineta
• Boris Grekov, major researcher of Kievan Rus' and the Golden Horde
• Lev Gumilev, historian and ethnologist, prominent researcher of the ancient Central Asian peoples, related ethnogenesis and biosphere, influenced the rise of Neo-Eurasianism
• Boris Hessen, physicist who brought externalism into modern historiography of science
• Pyotr Kafarov, prominent sinologist, discovered The Secret History of the Mongols
• Nikolai Karamzin, sentimentalist writer and historian, author of the 12-volume History of the Russian State
  

  

  Nikolai Karamzin
• Vasily Klyuchevsky, dominated Russian historiography at the turn of the 20th century, shifted focus from politics and society to geography and economy
• Alexander Kazhdan, Byzantinist, editor of the Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
• Nikodim Kondakov, prominent researcher of Byzantine art
• Andrey Korotayev, historian and anthropologist, a founder of cliodynamics, a prominent developer of social cycle theory
• Pyotr Kozlov, explorer of Central Asia, discoverer of the ancient Tangut city of Khara-Khoto and Xiongnu royal burials at Noin-Ula
• Nikolay Likhachyov, the first and foremost Russian sigillographer, major developer of auxiliary historical disciplines
• Aleksey Lobanov-Rostovsky, statesman, published the major Russian Genealogical Book
• Mikhail Lomonosov, polymath scientist and artist, the first opponent of the Normanist theory, published an early account of Russian history
• Friedrich Martens, legal historian, drafted the Martens Clause of the Hague Peace Conference
  

  

  St. Nestor
• Vladimir Minorsky, prominent historian of Persia
• Gerhardt Friedrich Müller, co-founder of the Russian Academy of Sciences, explorer and the first academic historian of Siberia, a founder of ethnography, author of the first academic account of Russian history, put forth the Normanist theory
• Aleksei Musin-Pushkin, prominent collector of ancient Russian manuscripts, discoverer of The Tale of Igor's Campaign
• Nestor the Chronicler, author of the Primary Chronicle (the first East Slavic chronicle) and several hagiographies, saint
• Alexey Okladnikov, prominent historian and archaeologist of Siberia and Mongolia
• Sergey Oldenburg, a founder of Russian Indology and the Academic Institute of Oriental Studies
• George Ostrogorsky, preeminent 20th century Byzantinist
• Avraamy Palitsyn, 17th century historian of the Time of Troubles
• Evgeny Pashukanis, legal historian, wrote The General Theory of Law and Marxism
  

  

  Tatyana Proskuryakova
• Boris Piotrovsky, prominent researcher of Urartu, Scythia, and Nubia, long-term director of the Hermitage Museum
• Mikhail Piotrovsky, orientalist, current director of the Hermitage Museum
• Mikhail Pogodin, leading mid-19th century Russian historian, proponent of the Normanist theory
• Mikhail Pokrovsky, Marxist historian prominent in 1920s
• Natalia Polosmak, archaeologist of Pazyryk burials, discoverer of Pazyryk Ice Maiden
• Alexander Polovtsov, statesman, historian and Maecenas, founder of the Russian Historian Society
• Tatyana Proskuryakova, Mayanist scholar and archaeologist, deciphered the ancient Maya script
• Semyon Remezov, cartographer and the first historian of Siberia, author of the Remezov Chronicle
• Mikhail Rostovtsev, archeologist and economist, the first to thoroughly examine the social and economic systems of the Ancient World, excavated Dura-Europos
  

  

  Sergey Solovyov
• Nicholas Roerich, painter, archeologist, explorer of Central Asia, initiated the international Roerich’s Pact on historical monuments protection
• Sergei Rudenko, discoverer of Scythian Pazyryk burials
• Boris Rybakov, historian and chief Soviet archaeologist for 40 years, primary opponent of the Normanist theory
• Viktor Sarianidi, discoverer of the Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex and the Bactrian Gold in Central Asia
• Mikhail Shcherbatov, a man of Russian Enlightenment, conservative historian
• Sergey Solovyov, principal Russian 19th century historian, author of the 29-volume History of Russia
• Vasily Struve, orientalist and historian of the Ancient World, put forth the Marxist theory of five socio-economic formations that dominated the Soviet education
• Yevgeny Tarle, author of the famous studies on Napoleon's invasion of Russia and on the Crimean War
  

  

  Vasily Tatischev
• Vasily Tatischev, statesman, geographer and historian, discovered and published the Russkaya Pravda, Sudebnik and the controversial Ioachim Chronicle; wrote the first full-scale account of Russian history
• Mikhail Tikhomirov, major paleographer, published the Complete Collection of Russian Chronicles
• Boris Turayev, author of the first full-scale History of Ancient East
• Peter Turchin, population biologist and historian, coined the term cliodynamics
• Aleksey Uvarov, founder of the first Russian archaeological society, discovered over 750 ancient kurgans
• Nikolai Yadrintsev, discoverer of Genghis Khan's capital Karakorum and the Orkhon script of ancient Türks
• Valentin Yanin, preeminent researcher of the birch bark documents

Linguists and ethnographers

Main article: Russian linguists

• Vasily Abaev, major researcher of Iranian languages
  

  

  Ivan Baudouin de Courtenay
• Alexander Afanasyev, leading Russian folklorist, recorded and published over 600 Russian fairy tales, by far the largest folktale collection by any one man in the world
• Ivan Baudouin de Courtenay, co-invented the concept of phoneme and the systematic treatment of linguistical alternations, pioneered synchronic analysis and mathematical linguistics
• Vladimir Bogoraz, researcher of Chukchi people, founder of the Institute of the Peoples of the North
• Otto von Böhtlingk, prominent Indologist and Sanskrit grammarian
• Fyodor Buslaev, philologist and folklorist, representative of the Mythological school of comparative literature
• Vladimir Dahl, the Russian language lexicographer of the 19th century, folklorist and turkologist, author of the Explanatory Dictionary of the Live Great Russian language
• Johann Gottlieb Georgi, explorer, published the first full-scale work on ethnography of indigenous peoples of Russia
• Dmitry Gerasimov, medieval translator, diplomat and philologist, correspondent of European Renaissance scholars
  

  

  Vladimir Dahl
• Vladislav Illich-Svitych, founder of Nostratic linguistics
• Vyacheslav Ivanov, founder of glottalic theory of Indo-European consonantism
• Roman Jakobson, preeminent 20th century linguist and literary theorist, a founder of phonology, major Slavist, author of Jackobson's Communication Model
• Pyotr Kafarov, prominent sinologist, developed the cyrillization of Chinese, discovered The Secret History of the Mongols
• Yuri Knorozov, linguist, epigrapher and ethnographer, deciphered the Maya script, proposed a decipherment for the Indus script
• Nikolay Krushevsky, co-inventor of the concept of phoneme and the systematic treatment of linguistical alternations
• Gerasim Lebedev, pioneer of Indology, introduced Bengali script typing to Europe, founded the first European-style theater in India
• Dmitry Likhachov, major 20th century expert on Old Russian language and literature
  

  

  Nicholai Miklukho-Maklai
• Mikhail Lomonosov, polymath scientist and artist, wrote a grammar that reformed Russian literary language by combining Old Church Slavonic with vernacular tongue
• Nikolay Lvov, polymath artist and scientist, compiled the first significant collection of Russian folk songs, published epic bylinas
• Richard Maack, naturalist and ethographer of Siberia
• Sergey Malov, turkologist, classified the Turkic alphabets, deciphered the ancient Orkhon script
• Nicholas Marr, put forth a pseudo-linguistic Japhetic theory on the origin of language
• Igor Melchuk, structural linguist, author of Meaning-Text Theory
• Nicholai Miklukho-Maklai, anthropologist who lived and traveled among the natives of Papua New Guinea and Pacific islands, prominent anti-racist
• Semyon Novgorodov, Yakut politician and linguist, creator of written Yakut language (Sakha scripts)
• Marina Orlova, etymologist and Internet celebrity, host of the most popular YouTube guru channel, HotForWords
  

  

  Nikolai Trubetzkoy
• Stephan of Perm, 14th century missionary, converted Komi Permyaks to Christianity and invented the Old Permic script
• Yevgeny Polivanov, linguist, orientalist and polyglot, developed the cyrillization of Japanese
• Nicholas Poppe, prominent Altaic-language researcher
• Vladimir Propp, formalist scholar, major researcher of folk tales and mythology
• Isaac Jacob Schmidt, the first researcher of Mongolian language
• Leopold von Schrenck, naturalist and ethnographer, coined the term Paleo-Asiatic peoples, the first director of the Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography
• Aleksey Shakhmatov, a founder of textology, prepared major 20th century reforms of Russian orthography, pioneered the systematic research of Old Russian and medieval Russian literature
  

  

  Andrey Zaliznyak
• Lev Shcherba, phonetician and phonologist, author of the glokaya kuzdra phrase
• Fyodor Shcherbatskoy, Indologist, initiated the scholarly study of Buddhist philosophy in the West
• Izmail Sreznevsky, leading 19th century Slavist, published Codex Zographensis, Codex Marianus and Kiev Fragments
• Sergei Starostin, prominent supporter of Altaic theory, proposed the Dené–Caucasian languages macrofamily, reconstructed several Eurasian proto-languages
• Vasily Tatischev, geographer, ethnographer and historian, compiled the first encyclopedic dictionary of Russian language
• Tenevil, Chukchi reindeer herder who created a writing system for the Chukchi language
• Nikolai Trubetzkoy, principal developer of phonology and inventor of morphophonology, defined phoneme, a founder of the Prague School of structural linguistics
• Dmitry Ushakov, author of the academic Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language
  

  

  Ludwik Zamenhof
• Max Vasmer, leading Indo-European, Finno-Ugric and Turkic etymologist, author of the Etymological dictionary of the Russian language
• Viktor Vinogradov, linguist and philologist, founder of the Russian Language Institute
• Alexander Vostokov, coined the term Old Church Slavonic, discovered the Ostromir Gospel (the most ancient book in East Slavic language), pioneered the research of Russian grammar
• Andrey Zaliznyak, author of the comprehensive systematic description of Russian inflection, prominent researcher of the Old Novgorod dialect and birch bark documents, proved the authentity of the Tale of Igor's Campaign
• Ludwik Zamenhof, inventor of Esperanto, the most widely spoken constructed international auxiliary language

Mathematicians

Main article: Russian mathematicians

• Aleksandr Aleksandrov, developer of CAT(k) space and Alexandrov's uniqueness theorem in geometry
  

  

  Pafnuti Chebyshev
• Pavel Alexandrov, author of the Alexandroff compactification and the Alexandrov topology
• Dmitri Anosov, developed Anosov diffeomorphism
• Vladimir Arnold, an author of the Kolmogorov–Arnold–Moser theorem in dynamical systems, solved Hilbert's 13th problem, raised the ADE classification and Arnold's rouble problems
• Sergey Bernstein, developed the Bernstein polynomial, Bernstein's theorem and Bernstein inequalities in probability theory
• Nikolay Bogolyubov, mathematician and theoretical physicist, author of the edge-of-the-wedge theorem, Krylov–Bogolyubov theorem, describing function and multiple contributions to quantum mechanics
• Nikolai Chebotaryov, author of Chebotarev's density theorem
• Pafnuti Chebyshev, prominent tutor and founding father of Russian mathematics,
  

  

  Leonhard Euler
  contributed to probability, statistics and number theory, author of the Chebyshev's inequality, Chebyshev distance, Chebyshev function, Chebyshev equation etc.
• Boris Delaunay, inventor of Delaunay triangulation, organised the first Soviet Student Olympiad in mathematics
• Vladimir Drinfeld, mathematician and theoretical physicist, introduced quantum groups and ADHM construction, Fields Medal winner
• Eugene Dynkin, developed Dynkin diagram, Doob–Dynkin lemma and Dynkin system in algebra and probability
• Leonhard Euler, preeminent 18th century mathematician, arguably the greatest of all time, made important discoveries in mathematical analysis, graph theory and number theory, introduced much of the modern mathematical terminology and notation (mathematical function, Euler's number, Euler circles etc.)
• Yevgraf Fyodorov, identified Periodic graph in geometry, the first to identify all of the 230 space groups of crystals
• Boris Galerkin, developed the Galerkin method in numerical analysis
  

  

  Sofia Kovalevskaya
• Israel Gelfand, contributed to many areas of mathematics, including group theory, representation theory and linear algebra, author of the Gelfand representation, Gelfand pair, Gelfand triple, integral geometry etc.
• Alexander Gelfond, author of Gelfond's theorem, provided means to obtain infinite number of transcendentals, including Gelfond–Schneider constant and Gelfond's constant, Wolf Prize in Mathematics winner
• Mikhail Gromov, a prominent developer of geometric group theory, inventor of homotopy principle, introduced Gromov's compactness theorems in geometry and topology, Gromov norm, Gromov product etc., Wolf Prize winner
• Leonid Kantorovich, founder of linear programming, introduced the Kantorovich inequality and Kantorovich metric, developed the theory of optimal allocation of resources, Nobel Prize in Economics winner
• Aleksandr Khinchin, developed the Pollaczek-Khinchine formula, Wiener–Khinchin theorem and Khinchin inequality in probability
  

  

  Nikolai Lobachevsky
• Andrey Kolmogorov, preeminent 20th century mathematician, Wolf Prize winner; developed probability axioms, Chapman–Kolmogorov equation and Kolmogorov extension theorem in probability; Kolmogorov complexity etc.
• Maxim Kontsevich, author of the Kontsevich integral and Kontsevich quantization formula, Fields Medal winner
• Sofia Kovalevskaya, the first woman professor in Northern Europe and Russia, the first female professor of mathematics, discovered the Kovalevskaya Top
• Mark Krein, developed the Tannaka-Krein duality, Krein–Milman theorem and Krein space, Wolf Prize winner
• Nikolay Krylov, author of the edge-of-the-wedge theorem, Krylov–Bogolyubov theorem and describing function
• Yuri Linnik, developed Linnik's theorem in analytic number theory
• Nikolai Lobachevsky, a Copernicus of Geometry who created the first non-Euclidean geometry (Lobachevskian or hyperbolic geometry)
  

  

  Aleksandr Lyapunov
• Nikolai Lusin, developed Luzin's theorem, Luzin spaces and Luzin sets in descriptive set theory
• Aleksandr Lyapunov, founder of stability theory, author of the Lyapunov's central limit theorem, Lyapunov equation, Lyapunov fractal, Lyapunov time etc.
• Yuri Manin, author of the Gauss–Manin connection in algebraic geometry, Manin-Mumford conjecture and Manin obstruction in diophantine geometry
• Grigory Margulis, worked on lattices in Lie groups, Wolf Prize and Fields Medal winner
• Andrey Markov, invented the Markov chains, proved Markov brothers' inequality, author of the hidden Markov model, Markov number, Markov property, Markov's inequality, Markov processes, Markov random field, Markov algorithm etc.
• Yuri Matiyasevich, author of Matiyasevich's theorem in set theory, provided negative solution for Hilbert's tenth problem
• Pyotr Novikov, solved the word problem for groups and Burnside's problem
  

  

  Andrey Markov
• Sergey Novikov, worked on algebraic topology and soliton theory, developed Adams–Novikov spectral sequence and Novikov conjecture, Wolf Prize and Fields Medal winner
• Andrei Okounkov, researcher of infinite symmetric groups and Hilbert scheme, Fields Medal winner
• Mikhail Ostrogradsky, mathematician and physicist, author of divergence theorem and partial fractions in integration
• Grigori Perelman, major contributor to Riemannian geometry and topology, proved Geometrization conjecture and Poincaré conjecture, won a Fields medal and the first Clay Millennium Prize Problems Award (declined both)
• Lev Pontryagin, blind mathematician, developed Pontryagin duality and Pontryagin classes in topology, and Pontryagin's minimum principle in optimal control
• Lev Schnirelmann, developed the Lusternik–Schnirelmann category in topology and Schnirelmann density of numbers
  

  

  Sergei Sobolev
• Moses Schönfinkel, inventor of combinatory logic
• Yakov Sinai, developed the Kolmogorov–Sinai entropy and Sinai billiard, Wolf Prize winner
• Stanislav Smirnov, prominent researcher of triangular lattice, Fields Medalist
• Sergei Sobolev, introduced the Sobolev spaces and mathematical distributions, co-developed the first ternary computer Setun
• Vladimir Steklov, founder of Steklov Institute of Mathematics, proved theorems on generalized Fourier series
• Jakow Trachtenberg, developed the Trachtenberg system of mental calculation
• Andrey Tikhonov, author of Tikhonov regularization of ill-posed problems, Tikhonov space and Tikhonov's theorem (central in general topology), invented magnetotellurics
• Pavel Urysohn, developed the metrization theorems, Urysohn's Lemma and Fréchet–Urysohn space in topology
  

  

  Andrey Tikhonov
• Nicolay Vasilyev, inventor of non-Aristotelian logic, the forerunner of paraconsistent and multi-valued logics
• Ivan Vinogradov, developed Vinogradov's theorem and Pólya–Vinogradov inequality in analytic number theory
• Vladimir Voevodsky, introduced a homotopy theory for schemes and modern motivic cohomology, Fields Medalist
• Georgy Voronoy, invented the Voronoi diagram
• Dmitry Yegorov, author of Egorov's Theorem in mathematical analysis
• Efim Zelmanov, solved the restricted Burnside problem, Fields Medal winner